Borobudur: World Heritage

Borobudur temple is one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world. This colossal relic of Borobudur was built by Sailendra dynasty between 778 to 842 AD; 300 years before Cambodia’s Angkor Wat, and 400 years before work had begun on the great European cathedrals. Little is known about its early history except that a huge workforce - sculptors, artists, statue and carving experts - must have been labored to move and carved the 55,000 cubic meters of stone. This Borobudur historic site is a cultural legacy and becomes major sources of Indonesian culture, which is located about 40 km north of Jogjakarta City in central part of Java island.

Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles revealed the temple in 1815. He found the temple in wined condition and buried under volcanic ash. He ordered an archeologist, H.C. Cornelius to excavate and clear the site from undergrowth and do thorough investigation. More than 200 laborers were occupied for 45 days to uncover and remove earth, bushes, and trees which buried the historic temple. The massive restoration project began from 1907 to 1911 led by Dr. Tb. van Erp. Later, with the help of UNESCO, the second restoration to rescue Borobudur was carried out from 1973 to 1983. Since then, it becomes UNESCO World Heritage and Treasures.

Picture of the temple (a) top view (b) side view

Some facts and figures of Borobudur and its size:

Monument base: 123 m by 123 m
High: 42 m
Narrative reliefs: 1,460
Decorative reliefs: 1,212
Buddha Statues in open niches: 368 (originally 432)
Buddha statues on the terraces under circular stupas: 72
Number of Galleries: 4 (each has main wall, facing the top and balustrade)
Total length of galleries: circa 2500 meters
Basement hidden with circa 13,000 cubic meters of stone
Total volume of stone used: circa 55,000 cubic meters
Time to build Borobudur: perhaps 70 years, and
Usage period: about 200 years.

As one of major centers of Buddhist scholarship in South and South-East Asia during that time, Borobudur temple was built with an overwhelming mass of images and galleries on its walls depicting the activities of Gods. There are more than 1,400 narrative panels illustrating the life of Buddha and Buddhist texts, the largest and most complete collection of Buddhist relief in the world. These religious illustrated texts consist of 6 different doctrines and visual parts: Karmavibhangga, Lalitavistara, Jatakas, Avadanas, Gandavyuha, and Bhadrachari. In order to read all these manuscripts, we have to start from East Gate on Gallery 1 circulating to the left, following Round 1, 2, 3, …, 10, as shown in the following table. This is the way how Buddhist monks proceed on the ritual ceremony during their Holy festival Day.

Location of all 1460 Relief and their Manuscripts

Round	Location	No. of Relief	Manuscripts
-	Hidden Basement	160	Karmavibanggas
-	Main wall of Gallery 0	1212	Decorative panels
1	Gallery 1, upper main wall	120	Lalitavistara
2	Gallery 1, lower main wall	120	Buddhist Birth Stories
3	Gallery 1 Balustrade, upper wall	372	Jatakas & Avadanas
4	Gallery 1 Balustrade, lower wall	128	Jatakas & Avadanas
5	Gallery 2 Balustrade	100	Jatakas & Avadanas
6	Gallery 2 main wall	128	Gandavyuha
7	Gallery 3 main wall	88	Gandavyuha
8	Gallery 3 Balustrade	88	Gandavyuha
9	Gallery 4 Balustrade	84	Gandavyuha
10	Gallery 4 main wall	72	Bhadracari

is the first manuscript describing the doctrine of cause and effect of good and evil. This series of relief is not visible as it is surrounded by broad base of stone walls. Only parts of the southeast side were dismantled for visitors (panel number 19, 20, 21, and 22).

Second visual manuscript, Lalitavistara represents the life of Buddha Gautama from his birth until his first Sermon at Benares. One full round on the first Gallery (upper main wall) was dedicated to this manuscript.

Jatakamala or Garland of Jatakas is a collection of poems consisting of 34 Jatakas. Based on manuscript written by Aryacara in the 4th century, these Jatakas contain stories on great deeds performed by Buddha in his former lives. These episodes of reincarnations serve as example of self-sacrifice.

Avadanas illustrated narrative are similar to Jatakas in which Buddha is not directly performing principal lead. These visual manuscript describe deeds accomplished by Bodhisattvas in their former lives, preparing for Buddhahood.

The most important part of Buddhist world is written in the Gandavyuha, the longest manuscript described in the 3 galleries: gallery 2, 3, and 4. It describes Sudhana, son of a rich merchant, who in his aim to reach the highest wisdom, meets several Bodhisattvas. Two spiritual teachers of these are Maitreya (future Buddha V) and Samantabhadra (ultimate and eternal Buddha).

As concluding of Gandavyuha, Bhadrachari manuscript is represented in the 4th Gallery (main wall). It contains the pledge of Sudhana to follow examples of the Bodhisattva Samantabhadra.